Device and method for cooking foodstuffs in a frozen environment

ABSTRACT

This invention is directed to a device and system for cooking foods from a refrigerated or a frozen state to an edible state directly in the refrigerated or frozen environment. One or more cooking receptacles or casseroles containing foodstuffs are placed in a chamber maintained at desired refrigerated temperatures. A thermally insulated electric heating element either integrally formed with each receptacle or in direct contact therewith is connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of heating or cooking the food. The receptacles are thermally insulated and have a dish member on which the food is placed. In most systems it is preferred that the dish has a low heat capacity and high heat transfer characteristics so that substantially all of the heat produced by the element is transferred through the dish directly into the food. The heating elements of the casseroles are controlled by the circuit so that each casserole or a group of casseroles may be selectively energized to cook or heat the food while the chamber remains at refrigerated or freezing temperatures and the remaining nonenergized casseroles are retained in frozen or refrigerated condition.

United States Patent [7 2] Inventor Thomas S. Shevlin White Bear Lake, Minn.

[21] Appl. No. 781,157

[22] Filed Dec. 4, 1968 [45] Patented Sept. 28, 1971 [73] Assignee Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company Saint Paul, Minn.

[54] DEVICE AND METHOD FOR COOKING FOODSTUFFS IN A FROZEN ENVIRONMENT 9 Claims, Drawing Figs.

[51] Int. Cl F25!) 13/00 [50] Field ofSearch 165/12, 29,

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,253,927 8/1941 Butler et a1. 165/30 3,353,476 11/1967 Goodmanet a1. 165/12 Primary Examiner-Charles Sukalo Attomey-Kinney, Alexander, Sell, Steldt & Delahunt ABSTRACT: This invention is directed to a device and system for cooking foods from a refrigerated or a frozen state to an edible state directly in the refrigerated or frozen environment. One or more cooking receptacles or casseroles containing foodstuffs are placed in a chamber maintained at desired transferred through the dish directly into the food. The heating elements of the casseroles are controlled by the circuit so that each casserole or a group of casseroles may be selectively energized to cook or heat the food while the chamber remains at refrigerated or freezing temperatures and the remaining nonenergized casseroles are retained in frozen or refrigerated condition.

T/MER -o PATENTEU' SEP2 8 I97! SHEET 3 [IF 3 3 NQ QQ 3 THOMAS 8 SHEl/L IN BY M Wad/w ATTORNEYS DEVICE AND METHOD FOR COOKING FOODSTUFFS IN A FROZEN ENVIRONMENT This invention relates to a combination refrigeration and cooking device and a system for storing and subsequently cooking foods and the like in a freezer, refrigerator or similar low temperature chamber or room. The system is adaptable for operation in all temperature ranges generally utilized for either refrigerating (e.g., chilling) or freezing foodstufi's including low temperature cryogenical food freezing, food preservation and storage. Fresh foods, precooked or pretreated foods, prefrozen foods or reconstituted foods may be placed in the system for refrigerated storage or freezing and subsequently switching therein. The system eliminates the necessity of first placing food in a refrigerator, freezer, etc. for storage to prevent spoilage and subsequently removing it from the freezer and placing it in an oven or stove for cooking. Refrigeration, storage and cooking are carried out in the same environment and device.

The device consists of a freezer, refrigerator or other similar refrigeration mechanism of desired size and capacity. One or several cooking or heating dishes, receptacles or casseroles are prepacked with desired sized food portions and placed in and supported on an array of shelves within the freezer. Each casserole is integrally formed with or in direct interfacial contact with a heating element. A dish portion of the casserole containing the food is made of light metal of low heat capacity so that substantially-all of the thermal energy produced by the heating element during cooking passes through the metal directly into the food. Heating or cooking is rapid, being in the nature of -30 minutes. The casserole, its associated heating element, and mating cover member are preferably thermally insulated to prevent any significant passage of heat into adjacent ambient air.

The heating element of each casserole is interconnected to an electric circuit for controlling energization of the element so that one or several casseroles can be selectively energized while the remaining nonenergized casseroles are retained in chilled or frozen condition. The high thennal conductivity from the electric heating element to the food and the low thermal conductivity from the interior of the casserole to the adjacent ambient air allows the food to be cooked without signifrcant disturbance to the refrigerated environment produced by the freezer and the adjacent casseroles that remain in frozen state. The device can be adapted to operate in available refrigerating units with standard refrigeration capacities or specially designed units can be easily and economically manufactured.

The device and system thus combines a freezingrefrigerated unit with a cooking unit. Such combination offers many advantages.

Food in large or individual meal sized portions can be stored and cooked in the same unit eliminating the need for manually shifting from refrigerated storage to cooking environments. Food can be cooked directly from its stored-frozen state to edible state without burdensome precooking operations. Large units can be used by caterers and restauranteurs to store a great number of casseroles and selectively cook individual or small numbers of meals at desired times by simply operating a control panel to heat the selected casseroles and removing the casseroles after the food has been cooked. Additionally the system can be easily automated for automatic vending operations. A prospective purchaser (after activating a vending machine with proper coins, etc.) can, by operating a control panel interconnected with suitable circuitry, select and heat a casserole containing the desired meal. The short cooking time required makes the device highly adaptable for this purpose.

The device is also adaptable for domestic use. A refrigeration and cooking unit can be combined into one unit to save space. The electric circuit may be automatically controlled so that selected casseroles will be heated for the desired cooking period. Additionally the device may be preprogrammed so that the meal may be prepared or cooked for serving at a subsequent time. Frozen foods, fresh foods, reconstituted foods, or precooked foods may be placed in the casseroles for retention in a frozen state until it is desired casserole.

The device may also be constructed portable or semiportable units for storing and cooking food in aircraft, railway dining cars, buses, vacation homes, etc. its light weight makes it especially adaptable as a storage and cooking device for aircrafi meals. A plurality of individual meal sized casseroles packed with prefrozen, fresh, reconstituted or precooked foods can be stored in the aircraft and the meals selectively heated during flight. Casseroles not energized retain their contents in frozen state until subsequently selectively energized for cooking.

The device and system thus efficiently and economically handles the problems of food storage and preparation for consumption in one unit. After initially packing the food in the casseroles no additional manipulation is necessary. Selected casseroles are cooked in their initial position in the unit. They are not handled until the food contained therein has been cooked and ready for removal and consumption.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Understanding of the invention will be facilitated by referring to the accompanying drawings in which like numerals refer to like parts in the several views and in which:

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an exemplary combination freezing and cooking unit showing individual casseroles mounted on shelves, the means for electrically energizing the casseroles and freezing the chamber schematically shown;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view, enlarged for detail, of one of the casseroles of FIG. I mounted on one of the shelves and in con tact with electrical contacts;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a modified form of casserole mounted on a segment of shelf with an electrical resistor incorporated in the shelf;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the location of thermocouples used in determining the temperature of individual casseroles and the ambient air adjacent the casseroles; and, A third piece the crease FIG. 5 is a side view of a light weight combination freezing and cooking unit suitable for storing and preparing meals in aircraft, the side of the unit broken away to show the interior of the structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION This invention is based on the concept of placing one or more cooking or heating dishes or casseroles containing food or other material with similar thermal characteristics into a freezing or chilling chamber. Each casserole has an electric heating element associated therewith which is connected to an electric circuit controlled by a suitable switching and/or timing means so that the elements of all casseroles can be energized simultaneously or selectively energized leaving the to energize the desired in the form of light unenergized casseroles and their contents to remain in frozen i state. The circuit is adapted to constantly energize the heating elements or apply the electrical energy in repetitive intermittent pulses of desired time intervals, e.g., 20 seconds "on" and 30 seconds off. Each casserole has a cover and an associated heating element which forms a complete thermally insulated unit. The thermally insulated unit reduces the heat loss of internally produced heat so that there is no significant loss of heat to thermally affect adjacent casseroles that may be retained in frozen state. Additionally, a dish member of the casserole per se is made of materials with low heat capacity so that there is an efficient transfer of heat produced by the heating element directly into the food.

FIG. 1 schematically shows an exemplary freezing chamber generally designated 10 which forms a cavity 11 insulated by thermal insulation 12 and which has a removable cover 13 or a removable front wall not shown in the drawings. If desired, the chamber can be fitted with inner walls 14 and 15 spaced from the interior of the chamber to provide an interspace for mounting freezing coils 16 which are convoluted around the periphery of cavity 11. A suitable refrigerant such as fluorinated hydrocarbons, ammonia or carbon dioxide is delivered to coils 16 by delivery tube 17. The refrigerant is circulated by compressor 18 and heat is removed applying and heated of condenser 19. The refrigeration unit is shown schematically for simplicity, it being understood that tube 17, compressor l8 and condenser 19 can all be integrally formed with chamber or separated as shown, both systems well known in the art. Additionally, a thermostat in chamber 10 may be set to keep air temperatures in the cavity in refrigerated or chilled ranges, e.g., 3240 F. or in freezing ranges, e'.g., 20 F. to 32 F. If desired, liquid nitrogen or other cryogenically cooled gases can be intermittently introduced directly into chamber 10. Also suitably cooled brine can be circulated by well known means within the chamber.

An array of flat shelf members 20-22, either completely removable or mounted for forward sliding movement, each support one or more cooking or heating casseroles generally designated 23 each of the casseroles packed with food. The casseroles may be of any desired size, e.g., of a size to hold individual meal-sized quantities of different foods or of larger sizes to cook multiple meals in each casserole. In the embodiment of FIG. 1 each casserole has a heating element integrally associated therewithexplained in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2. Each heating element in turn is contacted by removable or hinged biased contact members 24-29 each contiguously formed with and insulated from shelf members 20-22. Contacts 24-29 are interconnected to a circuit generally designated 30 which has leads 31 and 32 extending from a power source 33. Lead 32 is interconnected directly to contacts 24-26 and lead 31 connected to switches 34-36. The switches in turn are connected to a timer 37 which has wires 38-40 extending therefrom which lead respectively to contact 27-29. As can readily be understood by viewing FIG. 1, the

heating elements of casseroles 23 on shelves 20, 21 and 22 can be energized by closing the appropriate switch, e.g., switch 36 closed to energize the heating element of the casserole on shelf member 22; switch 35 closed to energize the element of the casserole on shelf member 21, etc. Switches 34-36 may be closed simultaneously by suitable means (e. g., manual, mechanical or electrical) to energize the heating elements of all casseroles or selectively closed to energize the element of a selected casserole or casseroles.

In the embodiment schematically shown, circuit 30 employs timer 37 to control and actuate switches 34-36 for energizing the selected casseroles. The timer may be used to energize the heating element of the selected casseroles constantly throughout a predetermined cooking period by closing the desired switch or switches 34-36. If desired, the heating element per se may also be controlled by a thermostat suitably incorporated with the element so that cooking temperatures will be retained within desired ranges. It is preferred, however, to suitably integrate timer 37 with switches 34-36 so that they operate as a single controlling unit to pulse energize the heata ing elements in discrete preset on and off intervals (e.g., 20

seconds on, 30 seconds off, etc.) throughout the cooking period. When the electrical energy and resultant thermal energy are applied in pulsations, the heat is applied to the food in spaced intervals of time to reduce the possibility of scorching the food, i.e., allowing the food during the off intervals to absorb heat induced during the one intervals.

FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of the construction of the casseroles 23 mounted on a shelf such as shelf member 21 of FIG. 1 and interconnected between biased contacts 25 and 28. The contacts 25 and 28 are shown suitably insulated from shelf member 21 by insulating layer 41 integrally formed with each contact.

Casserole 23 has a metal dish-shaped member 42, the upper peripheral edges thereof terminating in a liplike contour which mates with a similar lip member on the periphery of a shoe or base 43 also dish shaped and preferably molded from suitable polymeric material such as polysulfone and having adequate thermal insulating characteristics. A gasket or adheand base 43 adjacent their common juncture seals and adheres dish 42 to base 43 so that the former is suspended within base a 43 and in spaced relation thereto to form a thermally insulating air void 45 between the dish and base. The lower portion or bottom wall of dish 42 interfaced with base 43 has an electric heating element 46 integrally fonned with the dish and insulated therefrom by a suitable dielectric layer 47 bonded to the dish. Element 46 may be a wire resistor bonded to the dielectric layer 47 so that heat producedby the resistor will be efficiently transferred up. through dish 42 to the food contained thereon such as food portions 48. It is preferred that dish 42 has a low heat capacity so that substantially all the heat produced by element 46 will pass through the dish into the food. l-Iighly responsive thermal characteristics (e.g., low heat capacity) are essential to the of limitation, so that there is no lag in the transfer of heat from the element to the food upon initial energization of the element and application of heat. Further, substantially complete passage of heat through the dish 42 during cooking reduces heat transfer to the ambient air and surrounding environment and, additionally, reduces any lag or continued heat transfer once heating element 46 is deenergized. These characteristics are essential to provide the thermally efiicient freezing-refrigerating and pulsating cooking system generally contemplated by this invention. Thus, metals with low heat capacity are preferred in constructing dish 42. A dish comprising 20 gauge enamel-coated mild steel having a weight of 1.5 pounds per square foot and a heat capacity of 0.520 calories per square inch per degree centigrade was found to operate highly safisfactorily. Air void 45 provides a thermally insulating air space below element 46 to prevent excessive heat loss from the bottom of the casserole. If desired the void 45 may be filled with insulating material such as fiberglass.

In connection with the thermal characteristics of the easserole it is to be understood that in the interest of efficiency it is preferred that most systems utilize a casserole that rapidly and efficiently transfers heat directly into the food and is thermally insulated to prevent any heat in the ambient air from entering unheated casseroles. However, large or complex refrigerated systems will operate effectively even though the casserole and its associated heating element operate under relatively inefficient thermal conditions. For example, a chamber with partial partitions and/or means for circulating cooled air or with high refrigeration capacity will adequately prevent undue heating of adjacent casseroles kept in a frozen state even though. the thermal characteristics of the casseroles are relatively poor. 7

Heating element 46 extends up both sides of dish 42 so that each end of the element terminates in contact with a pair of resilient metallic contact discs 49 which extend through base 43 to make direct contact with contacts 25 and 28 for allowingcurrent to pass from the contacts to the heating element46.

To complete thermal insulation, casserole 23 has a thermally insulated cover generally designated 50 form fitted to the top thereof. The cover may be formed in any configura- 42 and base 43. The space between the foil and the film serves a as a thermally insulating air void and the under surface of the foil reflects heat back into dish 42. Film 51 has a series of integral detents 53 formed on the peripheral edges of the film which resiliently engage the lips on the upper edges of base 43 to secure the cover.

FIG. 3 shows a modified form of casserole and heating element. In this modification the casserole 23a consists of a metal dish 42a which has substantially the same heat transfer characteristics as dish 42.

Casserole 23a is disposed directly over a shelf 214 made of suitable electrically and thermally insulated material and which has an electric heating element 460, such as a wire resistor or film resistor, embedded in the shelf and connected to an electric power source by leads 54. The upper surface of element 46a is suitably insulated (not shown in the drawings) so that it supports and is in direct contact with the bottom wall of dish 42a, the latter being oriented so that it extends beyond tain a constant temperature thus establishing the equilibrium bient air was therefore exactly equal to the casseroles heat loss which is shown in table I and expressed in B.t.u. lost per each end of element 460. The direct interfacial contact 5 nu eb tween the dish and element allows heat to pass directly into Five of the casseroles used in the equilibrating procedure inthe dish. Insulated shelf member 21a reduces the flow of heat rpor ed cover omp ed f differen materials s below the shelf and from the bottom of th casserole, described in the table. A sixth casserole (casserole 06 in table A cover generally designated 50 ha fle ibl truncated I) utilized a cover identical to the cover incorporated with casperipheral edges 55 extending down the sides of the casserole 1O serole 01 and additionally a fiberglass insulating material was to provide a substantially airtight fit therewith and is formed Packed in a Void Void 45 f in the bottom of the from a raised polystyrene film member 51 ha d i ila t casserole. As seen in table I, casserole 06 had the lowest heat cover 50 f, the 1 2 embodiment A fl t sheet 2 f loss; however, the rate of heat loss for the other casseroles of laminated polyester and polyethylene film such as the type table I using different covers also exhibited significantly low manufactured and sold by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturrates of heat lossing Company under the trademark SCOTCHPAK is spaced from film 51a and extends transversely over the top of the dish TABLE I 42a similar to foil 52. The space between film 51a and sheet gq i f 52a is filled with a suitable insulating material 56 such as fiberglass. C I aturc Heat inprt It is understood that cover member 50 used in conjunction if 6 Cover in with casserole 23 may be constructed similar to cover- 50a m- 1 A layer of 5 mil lammtid poly 180 L 33 corporated with casserole 23a and vice versa. Additionally, ester-polyethelene spaced from a 4 mil rigid polystyrene cover. other materrals are suitable for insulating the cover member of 25 void between layers fined with the casseroles such as a planar layer of laminated polyester ilr bersglass. Similar to cove! 50a,

' r i f polyethylen? f' sketched F the "f 2 One 5 millayer ofluminated poly- 165 2,31 sunrlarly stretching single or multiple layers of aluminum forl 3 oesttir-polylegheleinel i I l 6 so ue ayer mi a um num oi 1" l. with arr spaces between the multiple layers. Spaced from a 4 mil rigid pom In order for the system to operate most efficiently when alstyrene cover. Air void between lowing some of the casseroles to be selectively heated while gil gf g snmlar cover the nonselected casseroles remain in a frozen state, each casg gpelayer 0t 1.5 alu mi numfoih. lg serole should have a substantially low heat loss during the time 331,.fg gg g i g gggg gta 020 0 er. t IS energlzed for cooking Heat 1088 should bekept t Suffi 6 A layer of 5 mil laminated pols m L 15 crently low levels so that the capacity of the freezing or ester-plolyetqelepe tspaccd from a 4 mi rigi o ys yrene cover. refrigerating unit will not be overtaxed and the temperature of void betweenplayers fined with ad acent casseroles in frozen state will not be adversely affiber glass. Similar to cover 502 f t i 0 1 Fig. Additit rgl fibe 35S IIlSl'l i3, 011 8C Ill V01 Table I shows that casseroles constructed substantially m 51; bottom or cassrolc? accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 2 have significantly 40 maintain equilibration, my heat loss low levels of heat loss. To determine heat loss for the examples of table I an equilibrated heat level method was used. A series f 5x7 i h casseroles i h f d construction of Table II shows the percentage of heat loss for each of the six serole 23 were filled with 5 to 8 ounces of water and heated to casseroles of table t i05 P rc ntage was calculated on the temperature levels shown in the table. Five by seven inch the basis of total at input r quir d for heating a known casseroles were used as they are of a size sufircient to hold q n y of Water Ounces) compared with the heat input average individual meal sized portions of food. The tempera- (heat 1055) r q to maintain th temperature equilibration ture levels of table I were selected as they represent average levels of table 1 Total heat input (column labie is maximum temperature levels utilized to cook a variety of sum of the heat retained by the contents of the casserole, the foods in the casseroles under preferred cooking procedures, casserole per se (which, because of its high thermal conduci.e., supplying electrical energy to the casseroles heating eletivity, is negligible) plus'the amount of heat lost from the cas. ments in pulsations or on and 011' intervals for the desired serole and its contents during the cooking or heating period. cooking period. In the examples of table II the cooking period was 20 minutes.

After the water was heated to the stated temperature levels, The input of heat retained by the contents of the casserole the temperature was equilibrated by pulsing a sufficient (shown in column two of the table) is the amount of heat in amount of electrical energy to the heating elements to con- B.t.u. required to heat 10 ounces of water (which has essenstantly maintain the stated levels. In the examples shown in tially the same thermal characteristics as that of most foods) table I, pulses in the range of about 5 seconds on and 30 from 0 F. to 180 F. The latter temperature is the highest seconds off (i.e., one pulsation per 35 seconds at voltage shown for any of the examples of table I and therefore ranges of -110 volts and 1.9-2.5 amps.) were found represents the maximum heat input to be required in the exadequate to equilibrate the heat flow at the levels shown. The amples and is thus used for all calculations in table II, column amount of thermal energy pulsed into the casserole to maintwo. The calculation for column two is the sum of three readi- TABLE II Average rate of heat Total heat Amount of heat Rate of heat loss loss during 20 minute Total heat loss input (heat required to heat at equilibrated heating or cooking during 20 minute required to 10 oz. of water temperatures of period in B.t.u./min. heating period heat water Percent from 0 F. to Table I in value 01 in B.t.u. plus total of heat Casserole F. in B.t.u. B.t.u./min. column 3) heat loss) loss 200 1.33 .67 13. 30 213. 3 6. 24 200 2. 37 1. 18 23. 20 223. 2 10. 6 200 1. 82 .91 18. 2 218. 2 8. 34 200 2. 1s 1. 09 21.8 221. s 9. 83 200 2. 1s 1. 09 21. s 221. 8 9. 83 200 1. 15 .58 11. 5 211. 5 5. 45

1y ascertainable quantifies, i.e., the amount of heat required to raise 10 ounces of ice from F. to 32 F.; the heat required to melt the ice and the heat required to raise the temperature of 10 ounces of water from 32 F. to 180 F. The total amounts to approximately 200 B.t.u.

The average rate of heat loss during the total heating period (column four, table II) is essentially one-half the rate of heat loss at the equilibration temperatures shown in table 1, since at the start of heating (0 F.) substantially no heat is lost. Total heat loss during the 20 minute heating period (column five, table II) is therefore the product of the average rate of heat loss per minute and the total heating period. The percentage of heat loss (the total heat loss compared with total heat input) is shown in column seven.

The stated heat loss values of table II show a range of 5.45 percent to 10.6 percent. The percent of heat loss within these ranges does not produce significantly high thermal loads which would overtax or decrease the efficiency of standard refrigeration units. Casseroles larger or smaller than the X7 inch casseroles used in the examples of table I would, of course, have essentially the same heat loss on a per unit area basis. Thus a difference in size of the casseroles constructed in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 2 is not a significant factor with respect to heat loss.

FIG. 4 schematically shows an arrangement of casseroles (similar in construction to casserole 23 of FIG. 2) used in determining the amount of heat loss to ambient air adjacent heated casseroles and the effects of heat loss on the temperature inside adjacent unheated casseroles. A series of 5X7 inch casseroles A-G were packed with ounces of frozen food. The casseroles were then arranged as schematically represented by small circles at the positions indicated by the arrows of FIG. 4 were suitably connected to register any changes in temperature at their specific locations. The entire arrangement was placed in a freezer, such as chamber 10, at a temperature of about -l5 F. and the heating elements of each casserole suitably connected to an electric power source (the element, circuit and power source not shown in FIG. 4.).

In this position selected casseroles filled with food were energized and any change of temperature adjacent the thermocou ples l 5 was registered.

Table III below shows temperature variations registered by thermocouples 2-5 (thermocouple 1 not utilized in this example) when casserole D was energized by pulsing llO volts of current to its heating element (30-ohm resistance) in 20 second on and 30 second off intervals for a total cooking period of 20 minutes.

TABLE III Registered Temperature of Thermocouples 2-5 in Degrees Referring to FIG. 4 and table Ill, it is to be noted that thermocouple 3 located in the air space above the heated casserole D and below unheated casserole B registered an ambient air temperature high of 95 F. However, thermocouple 5 located in the air space below the heated casserole D remained at temperature levels below freezing. Additionally,

thermocouple 2 located above and laterally from casserole D remained at temperatures well below freezing. Thermocouple 4 represents the temperature inside heated casserole D.

Table IV, below, shows temperature variations registered by thermocouples 1-5 when casseroles A-C and 15-6 were energized by pulsing l 10 volts of current to the heating element of each casserole (30-ohm resistance) in 20 second on and 30 second off intervals for a total cooking period of 20 minutes. Casserole D was not energized.

TABLE IV Registered Temperature of Thermocouples l-5 in Degrees Referring now to FIG. 4 and table IV it is seen that thermocouple 3 above unheated casserole D registered an ambient air temperature high of 80 F. and thermocouple 5 above heated casserole F registered an ambient air temperature high of 78F. However, thermocouple 4 located inside unheated casserole D remained at temperature levels below freezing in-' dicating that the thermal insulation of the casseroles (such as casserole 23 of FIG. 2) not only serves to keep internally generated heat within the'casserole but also prevents entry of heat generated by adjacent casseroles that may escape into the ambient air. The registration of thermocouple 2 in both table III and IV shows that heat loss from the casseroles does not affect the ambient air in areas located laterally from or well above the heated casseroles. Both tables indicate that the pri-' mary heat loss apparently occurs through the covers of the casseroles and extends directly upward. As indicated by the registrations of thermocouple 4 in the unheated casserole (table IV), heat loss to ambient air is not a significant factor. The thermal insulation of unheated casseroles suitably insulates the casserole from any increase in the temperature of the adjacent ambient air that takes place during cooling.

However, if it is desired to further reduce heat loss from the casserole, a cover comprising two reflective layers separated by an interspace in which a vacuum is formed can be fashioned. Additionally the bottom of the casserole can be similarly constructed by removing the air from void 45 and (if desired) suitably bonding a reflective coating over the lower surface of resistor 46 and the inner surface of base 43 to form a second thermally insulating vacuum. Altemately the thermally insulating capacity of void 25 can be improved by simply increasing the air space between dish 42 and base 43, and, if desired, packing the increased space with insulating material such as fiberglass.

Other suitable means for substantially eliminating heat loss or its effects can also be used. For example, the air pressure in the interior of the refrigerated chamber. can be slightly lowered in order to reduce the movement of heat by convection or the refrigeration capacity of the freezing unit can be increased. Another satisfactory procedure is to cryogenically freeze the food to extremely low temperatures'by liquid peratures while the casseroles are stored and cooked therein.

In connection with the latter procedure, a number of casseroles constructed substantially in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 2 were placed in a lightweight freezing and cooking device similar to shell 110 shown and described below with reference to FIG. 5. The shell was cooled by intermittently introducing liquid nitrogen into its interior throughout a preselected cooking period during which selected casseroles were heated. Determinations of temperature variations in the ambient air and inside heated and un' heated casseroles during the cooking period were made by using and orienting a series of thermocouples within the shell in a manner similar to the procedure described in conjunction with FIG. 4. While the overall patterns of temperature variations recorded by the thermocouples were similar to the patterns shown in tables III and Iv, the temperature levels per se in both the unheated casseroles and ambient air within the liquid nitrogen cooled shell were considerably below the temperature levels shown in the tables. The liquid nitrogen, being a cryogenically liquified gas, maintained the temperature of the ambient air and unheated casseroles at an overall average temperature of about F. as compared with the somewhat higher temperatures of tables III and IV.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of this invention which comprises a lightweight freezing and cooking device especially adapted for use in aircraft for storing food and for in flight cooking of the food in individual meal-sized casseroles. The food is served in the casseroles per se after cooking is completed. This embodiment comprises a freezing chamber or shell generally designated 110 having inner and outer walls and the interspace therebetween filled with suitable thermal insulation 111. Shell 110 has a handle 112, adjustable supports 113 and a hinged thermally insulated door 114. An upper panel 115 and lower panel 116 (similar side panels are not shown in the drawings) are suitably affixed in spaced relation to the inner walls of shell 110 and a series of convoluted freezing coils 1 17 are arranged around the periphery of the interior of the shell in the space between panels 115, 116 and the inner walls.

rotatable electrical conducting rods 130 with spaced arcuate se sections 131 which, when the rod is rotated, contacts a contact disc 132 on the side of each casserole 129. Disc 132 interconnects the integral heating element of the casserole with conducting rod 130 and is constructed the same as disc 49 of FIG. 2. A bus bar 133 which suitably connects with connector 120 when rack 121 is fully inserted in shell 110 is formed at the inner end of the rack. A series of contact studs 134 are mounted on bar 133. Each stud has a helical aperture 135 to receive the inner ends of rods 130 when rack 121 is inserted in shell 110. Apertures 135 of the studs serve to rotate the rods to bring the arcuate sections 131 in contact with discs 132.

In operation individual meal-sized portions of fresh, precooked, reconstituted or prefrozen food are packed in casseroles 129 which are then placed in shelves or pans 127, 128.

/ The pans slide into position within rack 121 and rods 130 in- A suitable refrigerant to constantly maintain the interior of shell 1 10 at freezing or refrigerated temperatures is circulated through coils 1 17 by means of a compressor (not shown in the drawings) connected to intake tube 118. A discharge charge tube 119 is connected to a condenser (not shown) which removes heat carried by the refrigerant in the coils by methods well known in the art. As in the case of chamber 10 of FIG. 1, the compressor and condenser can be contiguously formed with shell 110. Altemately, this type of freezing unit can be eliminated and means substituted to intermittently introduce liquid nitrogen directly into the interior of shell 11 to keep the temperature of the interior at extremely low levels.

An electric connector 120 interconnects an electrical system in shell 110 with a power source. Preferably a timingswitching system such as the timer and switching system described with reference to FIG. 1 is suitably interconnected between the power source and connector 120 and adapted to selectively pulse energize the heating elements of casseroles placed in the shell in on and off intervals (e.g., 20 seconds on and 30 seconds 011') during the cooking period. The timer may also be adapted to maintain the casseroles at equilibrated temperatures .by applying occasional pulses of electric energy (e.g., 2-5 seconds on, 30 seconds off) after cooking is completed to hold the casseroles at edible temperatures until served. It is understood that a suitable timing-switch device or system may be mounted contiguously with shell 1 10. e

A removable rack 121 is adapted to slide in and out of shell 1 10 arid has a series of U-shaped channel supporting members 122-126 which slidably engage and support a series of shelves or pan members, only two shelves or pan members 127 and 128 shown in the drawings. The pan members support a series of individual meal-sized casseroles 129 which in construction are identical to the casserole unit 23 (including heating element 46 and the cover 50) shown and described with reference to FIG. 2. Each pan member 127 and 128 has terconnect contact discs 132 with contact studs 134. The rack is then placed in shell which is maintained at suitable.

refrigerated temperatures by the refrigerant in coils 117 or by dry ice or liquid nitrogen. A suitable timing and switching system is then operated to selectively energize the heating elements of selected casseroles 129 so that some of the casseroles are heated and others remain in frozen state until energized at a subsequent time.

The specific embodiments herein are given by way of example and the invention is limited only by the terms of the following claims.

1. A combination refrigeration-freezing and cooking device comprising: a thermally insulated chamber having refrigeration means associated therewith to maintain the interior of said chamber at refrigerated orfreezing temperatures; electric circuit means contiguous with the interior of said chamber; one or more heating receptacles disposed in said chamber, each having a dish member to contain food and na heating element integral with the dish, the dish having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element through the dish, the heating element integral with each dish connected to said circuit means; and means to energize said circuit means and the heating elements while the interior of said chamber is maintained at said refrigerated and freezing temperatures.

2. A combination refrigerating or freezing and cooking device comprising: a thermally insulated enclosed chamber adapted to conduct a refrigerant there through to maintain the interior of said chamber at refrigerated or freezing temperatures sufficient to prevent the spoilage of food; shelf members with electrical contacts contiguous therewith disposed in said chamber, the contacts connected to electric circuit means associated with said chamber; a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles containing food, each casserole having a thermally insulated cover member disposed over the casserole and a dish member for supporting the food; and electric heating element integrally formed with the dish member of each of said casseroles and connected to "said electrical contacts, the dish member having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element through the dish; and timing and switching means interconnected with said electric circuit means adapted to energize the electric heating element of the dish of a selected one or more of said casseroles.

3. A combination refrigerating or freezing and cooking device comprising:

a. a thermally insulated shell having a rack removably mounted therein; b. means to conduct a refrigerant through the interior of 'said chamber to maintain the interior at a selected and substantially constant temperature in the range of freezing and refrigeration temperatures suitable to prevent the spoilage of food; c. electrical connecting means associated with said shell and said rack; d. pan members slidably mounted in said rack, each pan member having electrical conducting means engageable with said electrical connecting means;

e. a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles removably mounted in' said pan members, each casserole having a metal dish member and an electric heating element integral with the dish terminating in contact with said electrical conducting means, the dish having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element through the dish and each casserole further having a thermally insulated cover member fitted over each of said casseroles; and

f. electrical switch and timing means connected to said electrical connecting means adapted to energize said integral electric heating elements of selected casseroles when the interior of said shell and the interior of the nonselected casseroles are maintained substantially at said refrigeration and freezing temperatures by said means to conduct a refrigerant through the interior of said shell.

4. The device of claim 3 in which said electrical switch and timing means adapted to energize said electric heating element means of selected casseroles are capable of energizing same in discrete preset pulsations of electrical energy.

5. A method of cooking and heating food in a refrigerated or freezing environment comprising:

a. placing food in a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles each having a dish member to support the food and an electric heating element integrally associated with the dish, the dish having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element through the dish;

b. covering said casseroles and the food therein with a thermally insulated cover member;

c. placing said casseroles in spaced relationship with each other in a thermally insulated chamber adapted to maintain the interior of said chamber at temperatures in the range of -20 F. to 40 F. to preserve said food; and

d. energizing the electrical heating element of one or more selected casseroles in discretepreset pulsations of electrical energy to cook the food in said selected casseroles while the interior of said chamber is maintained substantially in said temperature ranges.

6. The method of claim 5 in which said thermally insulated casseroles have a heat loss percentage equal to about 5 percent to percent of the total heat introduced into said casserole by said electric heating element during the time the heating element of said selected casseroles are energized to cook said food 7. A device for cooking food in an environment maintained at refrigerated or freezing temperatures comprising:

a. a thermally insulated chamber having electrical connecting means extending to the interior of said chamber;

b. means for conducting a refrigerant through the interior of said chamber to maintain the interior of said chamber at refrigerated temperatures in the range of 32 F. to 40 F. or freezing temperatures in the range of 20 F. to 32 F.,

0. electrical timing means associated with said chamber and connected to said electrical connecting means for energizing said electrical connecting means at predetermined intervals of time throughout a predetermined cooking said chamber in spaced relationship with each other, each casserole having a metal dish member to support food, the dish member having a weight of about 1.5 pounds per square foot and a heat capacity of about 0.5 calories per square inch per degree centigrade;

e. an electric heating element integrally formed with said dish member for applying heat to said casseroles while said chamber is maintained at said refrigerated or freezing temperatures, the heating element connected to said electrical connecting means for energizing the element at said predetermined intervals of time throughout said predetermined cooking period; and

f. a thermally insulated cover member associated with each casserole, the combined thermal insulation of each cover member and casserole adapted to maintain the heat loss for each casserole in the range of not more than 5 percent to 10 percent of the total heat introduced into said casserole by said heating element when said element is energized at said predetermined intervals of time throughout said predetermined cooking period. I

8. The device of claim 7 in which said predeterminedintervals of time during which said electrical connecting means and electric heating elements are energized by said timing means, consists of pulses of electric energy of 20 seconds duration for each pulse followed by an interval of 30 seconds duration during which no energy is applied.

9. A device for freezing food for storage and for selectively cooking food while stored in a freezing environment comprising:

a. a chamber having refrigeration means associated therewith to maintain the interior of the chamber at freezing temperatures in the range of -20 F. to 32 F b. a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles packed with food and disposed in spaced relationship within said chamber for storage at said freezing temperatures;

c. an electric heating element associated with each casserole adapted to heat the food packed therein to temperatures in the range of F. to 200 F to cook same when the heating element is electrically energized while said chamber is maintained at said freezing temperatures; and

d. electric circuit means associated with said chamber connected to the heating elements associated with each casserole adapted to selectively energize the casseroles through their associated heating elements for heating and cooking the food therein, the thermal insulation of the casseroles adapted to maintain the heat loss of the casseroles when selectively energized for heating and cooking at not more than 5 percent to 10 percent of the total heat introduced into the casseroles by said heating element, the thermal insulation of the casseroles in conjunction with said freezing temperatures in the chamber further maintaining the interior of the casseroles not selectively energized at freezing temperatures substantially below 32 F. during the time the selected casseroles are energized.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent 46081627 Dated Se t b 28 19 1 Inventor(s) Thomas Vlin It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

In the specification:

Col. 1, line 13: "switching" should be cooked Col. 2, lines 38 and 39: Delete "A third piece the crease" Col. 3, lines 4 and 5: Delete "applying and heated" and insert by means Col. 3, line 63: Delete "one" and insert on Col. 4, line 9: After "wire resistor" insert -although it is preferred to use a thick film resistor Col. 4, line 16 Delete "of limitation, and insert dish Col. 7, line 31: After "arranged as" insert --schematically shown on a frame 57. Thermocouples 1-5 Col. 10, line 2: Delete "se" Signed and sealed this 2nd day of May 1972.

(SEAL) Attest:

g' Officer Attss tin ORM PO-IOSO (10-69] USCOMM-DC 6O376-F'B9 U 5, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I 9969 O365-334 

1. A combination refrigeration-freezing and cooking device comprising: a thermally insulated chamber having refrigeration means associated therewith to maintain the interior of said chamber at refrigerated or freezing temperatures; electric circuit means contiguous with the interior of said chamber; one or more heating receptacles disposed in said chamber, each having a dish member to contain food and a heating element integral with the dish, the dish having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element Through the dish, the heating element integral with each dish connected to said circuit means; and means to energize said circuit means and the heating elements while the interior of said chamber is maintained at said refrigerated and freezing temperatures.
 2. A combination refrigerating or freezing and cooking device comprising: a thermally insulated enclosed chamber adapted to conduct a refrigerant there through to maintain the interior of said chamber at refrigerated or freezing temperatures sufficient to prevent the spoilage of food; shelf members with electrical contacts contiguous therewith disposed in said chamber, the contacts connected to electric circuit means associated with said chamber; a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles containing food, each casserole having a thermally insulated cover member disposed over the casserole and a dish member for supporting the food; and electric heating element integrally formed with the dish member of each of said casseroles and connected to said electrical contacts, the dish member having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element through the dish; and timing and switching means interconnected with said electric circuit means adapted to energize the electric heating element of the dish of a selected one or more of said casseroles.
 3. A combination refrigerating or freezing and cooking device comprising: a. a thermally insulated shell having a rack removably mounted therein; b. means to conduct a refrigerant through the interior of said chamber to maintain the interior at a selected and substantially constant temperature in the range of freezing and refrigeration temperatures suitable to prevent the spoilage of food; c. electrical connecting means associated with said shell and said rack; d. pan members slidably mounted in said rack, each pan member having electrical conducting means engageable with said electrical connecting means; e. a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles removably mounted in said pan members, each casserole having a metal dish member and an electric heating element integral with the dish terminating in contact with said electrical conducting means, the dish having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element through the dish and each casserole further having a thermally insulated cover member fitted over each of said casseroles; and f. electrical switch and timing means connected to said electrical connecting means adapted to energize said integral electric heating elements of selected casseroles when the interior of said shell and the interior of the nonselected casseroles are maintained substantially at said refrigeration and freezing temperatures by said means to conduct a refrigerant through the interior of said shell.
 4. The device of claim 3 in which said electrical switch and timing means adapted to energize said electric heating element means of selected casseroles are capable of energizing same in discrete preset pulsations of electrical energy.
 5. A method of cooking and heating food in a refrigerated or freezing environment comprising: a. placing food in a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles each having a dish member to support the food and an electric heating element integrally associated with the dish, the dish having a low heat capacity sufficient to pass substantially all of the heat applied to the dish by the element through the dish; b. covering said casseroles and the food therein with a thermally insulated cover member; c. placing said casseroles in spaced relationship with each other in a thermally insulated chamber adapted to maintain the interior of said chamber at temperatures in the range of -20* F. to 40* F. to preserve said food; and d. energizing the electrical heating element of one or more selected casseroles in discrete preset pulsations of electricAl energy to cook the food in said selected casseroles while the interior of said chamber is maintained substantially in said temperature ranges.
 6. The method of claim 5 in which said thermally insulated casseroles have a heat loss percentage equal to about 5 percent to 10 percent of the total heat introduced into said casserole by said electric heating element during the time the heating element of said selected casseroles are energized to cook said food.
 7. A device for cooking food in an environment maintained at refrigerated or freezing temperatures comprising: a. a thermally insulated chamber having electrical connecting means extending to the interior of said chamber; b. means for conducting a refrigerant through the interior of said chamber to maintain the interior of said chamber at refrigerated temperatures in the range of 32* F. to 40* F. or freezing temperatures in the range of -20* F. to 32* F., c. electrical timing means associated with said chamber and connected to said electrical connecting means for energizing said electrical connecting means at predetermined intervals of time throughout a predetermined cooking period; d. a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles supported in said chamber in spaced relationship with each other, each casserole having a metal dish member to support food, the dish member having a weight of about 1.5 pounds per square foot and a heat capacity of about 0.5 calories per square inch per degree centigrade; e. an electric heating element integrally formed with said dish member for applying heat to said casseroles while said chamber is maintained at said refrigerated or freezing temperatures, the heating element connected to said electrical connecting means for energizing the element at said predetermined intervals of time throughout said predetermined cooking period; and f. a thermally insulated cover member associated with each casserole, the combined thermal insulation of each cover member and casserole adapted to maintain the heat loss for each casserole in the range of not more than 5 percent to 10 percent of the total heat introduced into said casserole by said heating element when said element is energized at said predetermined intervals of time throughout said predetermined cooking period.
 8. The device of claim 7 in which said predetermined intervals of time during which said electrical connecting means and electric heating elements are energized by said timing means, consists of pulses of electric energy of 20 seconds duration for each pulse followed by an interval of 30 seconds duration during which no energy is applied.
 9. A device for freezing food for storage and for selectively cooking food while stored in a freezing environment comprising: a. a chamber having refrigeration means associated therewith to maintain the interior of the chamber at freezing temperatures in the range of -20* F. to 32* F.; b. a plurality of thermally insulated casseroles packed with food and disposed in spaced relationship within said chamber for storage at said freezing temperatures; c. an electric heating element associated with each casserole adapted to heat the food packed therein to temperatures in the range of 180* F. to 200* F. to cook same when the heating element is electrically energized while said chamber is maintained at said freezing temperatures; and d. electric circuit means associated with said chamber connected to the heating elements associated with each casserole adapted to selectively energize the casseroles through their associated heating elements for heating and cooking the food therein, the thermal insulation of the casseroles adapted to maintain the heat loss of the casseroles when selectively energized for heating and cooking at not more than 5 percent to 10 percent of the total heat introduced into the casseroles by said heating element, the thermal insulation of the casseroles in conjunction with said freezing temperatures in the chamber further maintaining the interior of the casseroles not selectively energized at freezing temperatures substantially below 32* F. during the time the selected casseroles are energized. 